1. Introduction

    Many considerations go into estate planning, including the division of property and assets among children or other family members and the protection of assets from estate taxes. This publication summarizes important elements of Connecticut’s estate planning laws from wills and trusts to the probate process and paying estate taxes. Understanding how to effectively plan your estate can provide you with peace of mind that your loved ones will be properly cared for. 

2. Terminology

    Before we delve into the elaborate details of estate planning and its various components, there are a few terms you should familiarize yourself with as they will be cited frequently in this publication.
• Beneficiaries: the persons or organizations who receive assets from a trust or will. • Bequeath: to leave personal property to someone in a will.
• CGS: Connecticut General Statutes.
• Codicil: a written change or amendment to a will.
• Decedent: the person who passed away.
• Devise: to leave real property to someone in a will.
• Disclaim: to refuse to accept a bequest, devise, or other inheritance.
• Domicile: a person’s primary and permanent place of residence.
• Escheat: common law doctrine that transfers property of a decedent lacking heirs to the state.
• Estate: the assets and debts left by an individual at death.
• Executor: person or institution named to carry out a will’s instructions.
• Fiduciary: person who holds property in a position of trust for another.
• Grantor: person who establishes a trust.
• Heir: someone entitled by law to receive part of an estate.
• Holographic will: a handwritten will.
• Intestate: the condition of having died without a valid will.
• Intestate succession laws: the laws that govern when a person does not have a will at death.
• Inter vivos: during life, i.e. a trust created while living.
• IRC: Internal Revenue Code.
• Irrevocable: in this context, a trust that cannot be changed or cancelled once established.
• Probate: the administration of an estate in court; involves paying debts and distributing assets.
• Spendthrift: provisions to protect the assets against wasteful spending.
• Surviving spouse: a spouse who outlives the decedent.
• Testator: a person who has written and executed a last will and testament.
• Trust: an arrangement where a trustee administers assets for the benefit of trust beneficiaries.
• Trustee: a person or institution that manages and distributes trust assets.
• Will: a written declaration of a person’s last wishes.

3. Intestacy

After someone dies, attention naturally shifts to the decedent’s survivors and his or her last wishes regarding how estate property should be distributed. The probate court in Connecticut is a specialized court that handles the distribution of the decedent’s property and ensures that any debts, funeral expenses and taxes are paid prior to any distributions. If the decedent left a will, their wishes are carried out according to the will provisions, and the probate process is straight forward unless there is a challenge to the will. However, if the decedent did not have a will, estate property is distributed to heirs in accordance with Connecticut’s intestate succession laws, in which case state statutes, not the decedent’s wishes, govern the distribution of the estate.
    A person dies intestate when they have done no estate planning and have no valid will. Under these conditions, their property will pass in accordance with the Connecticut Laws of Intestate Succession as described in the Connecticut General Statutes. More often than not, Connecticut’s laws of intestacy result in a different distribution of the decedent’s assets than what the decedent would have wanted had they took the time to create a will.
    The laws of intestacy apply to most, but not all, property in a decedent’s estate. Only assets that would have passed through a will and through probate are affected by Connecticut’s intestate succession laws. This is called probate property. Non-probate property would not be affected by Connecticut state statutes because non-probate property usually has named beneficiaries. Some examples of non-probate property that are unaffected by the laws of intestacy are:
• Property in a living trust;
• Life insurance proceeds;
• 401(k) or other retirement accounts;
• Payable on death accounts or transfer on death accounts; and
• Property owned in joint tenancy.
    If a person dies intestate in Connecticut, the following distributions of probate property are made under the statutory guidelines for a decedent who leaves a surviving spouse. 
    i. If the decedent is outlived only by a spouse and not his or her parents or children, the spouse will receive all of the     decedent’s property.
    ii. If decedent has living parents, the surviving spouse will receive the first $100,000 plus 75% of the balance of the     estate. The remaining 25% will go to the parents of the decedent. C.G.S. § 45a-437(a) (1), (2).
    iii. If the decedent is survived by children of his or her current marriage, the first $100,000 plus 50% of the estate     will go to the surviving spouse. The remaining 50% of the estate will be split equally among the surviving children.     However, if these children are from an earlier marriage, the surviving spouse will have to split the entire estate 50/50     with the non-marital children. C.G.S. § 45a-437(a)(2), (4). 

    Intestate succession statutes also dictate to whom property is distributed when a decedent without a will passes without a surviving spouse. For instance, if a decedent is survived by children, parents, siblings or next of kin only, the surviving heirs will inherit and split all of the estate property evenly. Finally, if there is absolutely no one to distribute the decedent’s property to, the property will escheat to the State of Connecticut.
    Regardless of the value of an individual’s property during life, it is always beneficial to have a will, both to ensure that last wishes are carried out and, as discussed below, to potentially reduce the amount of estate taxes owed. In the absence of a will, a decedent’s estate will be distributed according to the intestacy statutes, which will not likely comport with the decedent’s final wishes and will not provide any tax savings.

4. Wills

    Every person should have a will to ensure that his or her wishes are carried out properly through the probate process, and not under the statutory intestacy scheme. A will disposes of a decedent’s probate property at death. If a valid will exists, it will go through probate to dispose of the estate assets. Having a valid will also reduces the chances of an heir contesting the decedent’s will, and may also help avoid conflicts among family members. In order to have a valid will in Connecticut, a number of formalities must be met. These formalities are discussed below.  

    i. Formalities of a Executing a Valid Will in Connecticut

    In Connecticut, any person 18 years of age or older and of sound mind may dispose of his or her estate by will. C.G.S. § 45a-250. In order to have the proper capacity to execute a will, the testator must be able to understand the nature of their acts, the nature and extent of their property, the proposed disposition of such property, the natural objects of their bounty, and that they’re executing a will that represents their last wishes. Atchison v. Lewis, 131 Conn. 218, 219 (1944). In simpler terms, a testator must understand what property their estate consists of, the family members who should be beneficiaries of the estate, and how the will distributes property to those individuals. 
    A will must be in writing and signed by the testator. At least two witnesses must be present at the time the will is signed, and they also must sign the will to verify that they were present. C.G.S. § 45a-251.The signature of the testator must be in the same manner that he or she signs all other documents, and the two witnesses should be disinterested--that is, they cannot be beneficiaries under the will. If the witnesses are not disinterested, the devise or bequest they were to receive under the will would be void unless two other disinterested witnesses signed the will, or if the subscribing witness/beneficiary is also an heir of the testator. C.G.S. § 45a-258.
    It should be noted, Connecticut does not recognize oral (nuncupative) or non-witnessed handwritten (holographic) wills. See Appeal of Stone, 74 Conn. 301 (1901), see also Owens v. Doyle, 152 Conn. 199 (1956).
    In addition, a will should include a self-proving affidavit. Under Connecticut General Statutes, a self-proving affidavit allows the attesting witnesses to sign, under oath, a statement of facts they would be required to testify to in court to prove the validity of the will. C.G.S. § 45a-285. This reduces costs, as well as disputes that can lead to litigation and the difficulty of finding subscribing witnesses years later to testify in the event of a will challenge. Ultimately, the affidavit confirms the essential elements of a duly executed will, and makes it more difficult to challenge it. Wheat v. Wheat, 156 Conn.575 (1968).
    As a side note, individuals who die in Connecticut but who have a will executed in another state need not worry. Decedents with out of state wills are not prevented from going to probate if the decedent passes in Connecticut. The same formalities for in-state wills do not apply to wills executed outside of Connecticut. If a will was validly executed according to the laws of the other state, it will be admitted to probate in Connecticut even if the other state’s formalities do not comply with Connecticut’s laws. Owens v. Doyle, 152 Conn. 199 (1956). It is, however, advisable to update a will if the testator becomes a Connecticut Resident. 

    ii. Provisions of a Typical Will

a. Publishing Clause

    The opening language of most wills states the testator’s name, domicile, that the document is their last will and testament, and their desire to revoke all previous wills and codicils. In legal terms, this is called the exordium, which typically states:
    “I, John Doe, a Resident of Westport, State of Connecticut, hereby make, publish, and declare this to be my Last     Will and Testament. I hereby revoke any and all other Wills and Codicils that I previously may have executed.” 
This language provides clear evidence of where the will should be probated and gives notice that all prior wills are now extinguished. Better still, simply publishing a new will in Connecticut automatically revokes any older ones even if the new will does not refer to revocation. C.G.S. § 45a-257.
    Following the exordium, a typical will provides for the payment of debts, taxes and funeral expenses. These provisions direct the executor of an estate to pay all enforceable expenses the decedent left behind and anything necessary to the administration of the estate. Connecticut’s General Statutes § 45a-392 provides that claims against the estate shall be paid in the following order:
• Funeral expenses and expenses of settling the estate;
• Debts due for last sickness of decedent;
• Taxes and debts due to the state and federal governments;
• Debts due to a mechanic or laborer for work performed within 3 months of death;
• Other preferred claims; and
• Other allowed debts in proportion to their amounts. 
    In addition, most wills often provide a glossary of terms up front. Such a glossary may seem unnecessary, but it actually serves a very important purpose. A will deals with a person’s final intent, and the only way that intent can be understood or inferred is by reading and interpreting the will. If the language of the will is vague, the decedent’s exact wishes might not be carried out, and it is more likely that the will may be challenged. A simple glossary helps to provide clarity and avoid will contests. For example, the glossary may define the term “children” by providing the names of the individual children who are beneficiaries under the will.

b. Bequests and Devises

    Following the general provisions, a will next addresses bequests and devises, that is, how the decedent would like his assets and property distributed and to whom. Bequests are gifts of personal property while devises are gifts of real estate. There are three types of bequests: specific, general and residuary. Specific bequests are of named property (e.g., my gold ring to my sister Taylor). General bequests are usually stated amounts (e.g., $10,000 to my cousin Corey). Residuary bequests are distributions of a share or all of the remaining property after specific and general bequests have been satisfied.  
    With specific bequests and devises, Connecticut statutes govern how the assets or property are to be treated when the named beneficiary dies first; for example, if the testator leaves a specific bequest to his son, but the son predeceases him or her. In that case, one of two things can happen.
    First, if the predeceased beneficiary is a member of the decedent’s family and falls into a protected class, the property may still pass to that predeceased person’s family members under the Connecticut anti-lapse statute. The anti-lapse statute prevents the bequest from “lapsing,” i.e. not passing to the intended beneficiary, by giving it to the children (the “issue”) of the predeceased beneficiary. In Connecticut, the protected classes of family members are children, step-children, grandchildren and siblings. C.G.S. § 45a-441. This statute applies to both bequests of personal property and devises of real property.
    Second, if a beneficiary predeceases the decedent but is not a family member, or is a member of the decedent’s family but not of a protected class, the anti-lapse statute will not apply. In that scenario, the bequest intended for that individual will instead lapse and pass according to the residuary clause of the will. This could unintentionally result in disinheriting a family member or, conversely, giving a windfall to a residuary beneficiary.
    One way to prevent the anti-lapse statute from applying is to include language in the will that takes into account the contingency of beneficiaries predeceasing the testator. There are many ways to do this, but one of the most common is to provide that property be distributed to descendants per stirpes or per capita. Per stirpes means by right of representation, and property passing in this manner will be distributed to each branch of the family equally. This language is used when the testator intends for the children of the predeceased beneficiary to take that predeceased beneficiary’s share of the estate. A per stirpes bequest will prevent the anti-lapse statute from applying, or any other statutory scheme that may be in place upon the time of the testator’s death.
    By way of example, let’s say testator “A” left three children, “B,” “C,” and “D.” Child B dies before testator A leaving two children, “B1” and “B2.” Testator A’s will says that his property is to be divided equally among his descendants per stirpes. Upon testator A’s death, C and D will each get 1/3 of the estate (the amount originally gifted had B survived) and B’s children, B1 and B2, will divide the 1/3 share their parent was owed equally (i.e. they each get 1/6 share of the estate). Warren v. First New Haven Bank, 150 Conn. 120 (1962).
    This method differs entirely from per capita distribution at each generation, which gives heirs of the same generation the same amount of the estate. The number of shares is equal to the number of original members either surviving or with surviving descendants. Each surviving heir of a generation gets a share, and the remainder is equally divided among the next generation descendants in the same manner.
    Using the same scenario as before, with children C and D surviving testator A, the estate would be divided at their generation level. As there were three children originally, each surviving child would receive 1/3. The remainder, B’s share, would then be divided in the same manner among B’s surviving descendants. In this example the result is the same because B1 and B2 will receive 1/2 of 1/3 or 1/6 of the A’s estate. These results would differ if child D also predeceased testator A and left one child, “D1.” In that instance, child C would get 1/3 of testator A’s estate and the remaining 2/3 of the estate would be divided equally among the 3 surviving grandchildren, B1, B2, and D1. Each grandchild of A would receive 1/3 of 2/3 (because there are 3 of them splitting the 2/3 that should have gone to their parents B and D) or 2/9 of testator A’s estate.
    Another common issue with bequests is abatement. Abatement occurs when the will contains bequests that exceed the value of the estate assets available to satisfy such bequests. If this occurs, some or all of the bequests will be reduced, or abated. The most common pattern of abatement of property in a will is for the residuary to abate first, then general bequests, and specific bequests abating last. This is to protect and ensure that specific distributions are funded and achieved before general distributions.
    One last note on bequests of personal property is that a testator can only bequest property they actually own. It may seem like common sense, but wills often include bequests of property no longer owned by the testator because he or she failed to update their will after a given property was disposed of. As an example, assume you once owned a Buick, but now you own a Cadillac. Either way, you know you want your son to inherit the car at your death. Unfortunately, your will states “my Buick goes to my son.” In this instance, the bequest would adeem. This means the gift of the Buick would fail and the beneficiary would receive nothing because the property is not in existence or owned by the testator at death. This occurs due to the doctrine of ademption. So, although you wanted to give your son whatever car you owned at the time of your death, that is not what the provision provided. The will provided to give him a Buick, something you no longer own. Therefore, the car would likely fall into the residuary clause of the will unless a provision for a general bequest of all remaining property was included.
    There are two theories when this occurs during the probate of a will, the intent and the identity theories of ademption. Under the identity theory, which is most popular in America, the specific bequest would fail – i.e. the beneficiary would get nothing, if the specific item (the Cadillac) is not in the testator’s estate at death. Alternatively, according to the intent theory, the bequest would fail unless evidence established that failure would be inconsistent with the testator’s intent. If such evidence is shown, the value of the property or substitute property may be awarded to the beneficiary. As a note, Connecticut generally follows the intent theory of ademption.
    Besides tangible personal property, testators often own real estate at death. A gift of real property in a will is called a specific devise. The rules for specific devises of real property are similar to bequests of tangible personal property with one important exception. While paying the debts of the estate, an executor may have to sell assets the testator intended to give away to specific beneficiaries. If this happens, there is a certain order the executor must follow. Devises of real property happen to be at the bottom of the list and the last item an executor can reach to pay any debts of the estate. C.G.S. § 45a- 428. This statute was put in place to protect what is often the most valuable asset of many estates, the homestead.
    Another factor to take into account when devising real property is any encumbrances that may be outstanding at death. A will should always provide whether debts secured by a mortgage or lien should be paid. Unless the will specifically states the opposite, an executor is not responsible for discharging such encumbrances, and the real property will pass to the intended beneficiary with such encumbrance intact. C.G.S. § 45a-266. This could result in an unintended heavy burden on a beneficiary.

c. The Residuary Estate

    After specific bequests and devises, a will must set out provisions for how to handle the residuary estate. The residuary estate consists of the property that remains undistributed after specific and general bequests have been satisfied. In smaller estates, most of the property is distributed in large shares through the residuary estate. The residuary estate is very flexible as it can be distributed to numerous beneficiaries or trusts. These gifts can be stated as pecuniary amounts or fractional shares.  Pecuniary amounts are easier to account for upon administration of the estate, but fractional shares to each beneficiary, like 1/3 or 1/2, are more common.
    The largest benefit of using specific pecuniary amounts over fractional shares is that they will not diminish if the estate shrinks in value. For example, assume you are worth one million dollars when you execute your will and you left your sister one hundred thousand dollars in your will. Regardless of if your estate shrinks by the time you die, your sister will receive that hundred thousand dollars. Alternatively, if you instead gave her a 1/10 share of your estate, assuming that would be one hundred thousand dollars, and your estate shrunk to five hundred thousand dollars by the time of your death, your sister would only receive fifty thousand dollars. Then again, if your estate grows, her share could grow with it while a specific pecuniary amount would not. Additionally, if your estate only consists of one hundred thousand dollars, she would be receiving the entirety of your estate and you would disinherit everyone else.

d. Appointment of Executors, Trustees and Guardians

    All wills contain a provision that names the executor(s) and/or trustee(s). The executor or trustee is responsible for the administration of the estate or trust and is responsible for the assets contained therein. These provisions should also provide for successors to these fiduciaries in the event that they decline to take the position or predecease the testator. Each fiduciary will be entitled to a reasonable fee payable from the estate for their work. This fee is usually a small percentage of the total estate value ranging from 2-4%. Often, these individuals should reside in state, or be able to travel because of the localized work of a fiduciary. Unlike witnesses of a will, beneficiaries can serve as executors or trustees with impunity.  
    Many individuals will appoint a bank, trust company, or other professional to serve in a fiduciary capacity. Often, this is the family accountant or attorney. While these individuals may charge for their services, their fiduciary duties are intensified, and they are generally held more accountable for their actions than a family member who may serve in the same capacity. It is also common for married couples to appoint each other as executors. This complies with Connecticut law as the only requirement for an individual to serve in such a fiduciary capacity is for them to be capable of carrying out their duties.
    The will should also contain provisions setting the powers the fiduciaries will hold. Often, these powers are included in a will by referencing the Connecticut Uniform Fiduciary Powers Act. This act contains a laundry list of powers that can be incorporated into a will by simple reference to it. Of course these powers can be supplemented or limited however the testator sees fit by language in the will.
    Wills should also name a guardian, or guardians, of a minor’s person and estate. In Connecticut, if a minor inherits more than five thousand dollars, a guardian must be appointed. C.G.S. § 45a-631. This can be avoided by a provision in the will that allows the executor to distribute the minor’s gift either to the minor’s custodian, by the rules of the Uniform Transfers to Minors Act, or to a testamentary trust for the minor’s benefit that will mature when the minor reaches the age of majority or some other later date. The age of majority ranges from 18-25.

e. Disaster Provision for Married Couples

    A will should also take into account the possibility, however remote, that both spouses or parents could die at the same time. A proper will should outline what happens when survivorship cannot be determined (i.e. who outlived whom) such as in a plane crash, car accident, or house fire. Rightly so, this is called a disaster provision, and can also be used to save on estate taxes. 
    For example, if one spouse’s estate is much smaller than the others, it may be beneficial for the provision to say, in the event of a simultaneous death, that the spouse with less wealth should be determined to have outlived the wealthier spouse. This would ensure the wealthier spouse can take advantage of their full lifetime exemption from estate taxes (as of 2014, each individual has a $5.34 million exemption) and then pass the remaining property to the less wealthy spouse. In this scenario, hopefully the couple could save on estate taxes because the remaining property of the wealthier spouse will go to the less wealthy spouse who will get to use another full lifetime exemption. If the situation were reversed, with the less wealthy spouse determined to have passed first, the couple would miss out on full use of both spouses’ lifetime exemptions. This could result in thousands of dollars in additional estate tax that could have been avoided.

f. Trust Provisions

    It has become extremely common for a will to provide that the bulk of the decedent’s probate property is to be distributed to one or more trusts that were created during the testator’s life (inter vivos). In that instance, the terms of the trust will dictate how the property is to be distributed. This is called a pour-over will provision (discussed in greater detail later). The main benefit of this type of will is to provide the decedent’s wishes with privacy from the probate process. While probate procedure is public and the will must be probated, it will only contain a few statements directing all assets to pourover into the trust. Thus, the distribution of property will be kept out of the public eye because the administration of the trust is private.  
    
    iii. Changing Your Will After Execution

    Many people do not want to create wills because they claim they are unsure about how they want their property to be distributed at death. While it can be a difficult major life decision, such considerations should not hold anyone back from executing a will. Wills can be changed or revoked at any time and in a number of ways. While there is some finality in executing a will, a will is only final if the testator chooses not to change it. In reality, changing a will is a fairly common practice. Actually, individuals should update and make changes to their will and overall estate plan about every five years if feasible. Another good benchmark for updating a will is when you go through a major life event such as buying a home, getting married, having a baby, inheriting a substantial sum of money, etc.
    To revoke a previously executed will, a testator may burn, cancel, shred, tear, or obliterate the document. Additionally, Connecticut law states that an older will is revoked upon proper execution of a new one. C.G.S. § 45a-257. Connecticut also provides a safe harbor provision in case a decedent revokes a previous will by executing a new, but invalid, will. This is called dependent relative revocation or DRR.
    Dependent relative revocation is a doctrine Connecticut adopted in Connecticut Bank & Trust v. Coles, 150 Conn. 569 (1963), that provides if a previous will is revoked through the execution of a new one, and that new will is later found invalid, the previous will shall be revived. Said differently, the former will is revived when the new will is found invalid, thus guaranteeing the decedent has a will and does not have to resort to the rules of intestacy. Without DRR, both wills would be invalid and the rules of intestacy would then govern the disbursement of assets in a decedent’s estate. If the former will is revived pursuant to the DRR doctrine, the decedent would still have a will, even if some of its provisions may be a bit outdated. The theory and supporting argument behind DRR is that the testator only revoked the previous will on the condition that the new one was going to be valid. In the case that the first will is not what the testator would have wanted, intestacy can be petitioned for upon the showing of proper evidence.

5. Estate Planning Documents in Addition to a Will

    In addition to a will, there are a few other very important estate planning documents. These documents are healthcare instructions, a power of attorney, a living will, an appointment of a healthcare representative and/or conservator, and a HIPAA (Health Information Portability and Accountability Act) release. These documents are necessary elements of a proper estate plan because they provide guidance on what decisions the testator wants made, and who should make them in case the testator becomes incapacitated.
    
    i. Healthcare Instructions

Connecticut citizens who are 18 years of age or older have the right to put in writing the kinds of healthcare they would or would not want to receive if they became unable to make those decisions personally and coherently. C.G.S. § 19a-574. This comes in the form of healthcare instructions that direct someone, acting on their behalf, to follow their wishes upon incapacitation. Most often, these instructions provide an individual with guidance on how to act if the testator enters into a coma or falls into a vegetative state. Additionally, these instructions can document a testator’s intention to make an anatomical (organ) gift. Just like a will, these instructions must be executed when of sound mind and in front of two witnesses.  

    ii. Living Will

    A living will lists what treatment a testator would like upon the occurrence of the above mentioned events. This document will only be followed if there is a terminal prognosis or a permanent coma. In this instance, terminal means the medical problem cannot be cured or reversed, and without live prolonging treatment, the individual would soon pass away. A permanent coma means that at least two doctors believe that the individual will not awaken from the current coma they are in. These determinations must be made in writing by the attending physician. C.G.S. § 19a-579. 
    Typical statements in a living will include whether the individual would request CPR if they stop breathing, whether they desire to be fed food or water through a tube, and/or whether they would like to survive on a respirator or another life sustaining device. One may also include specific healthcare requests that are unique to their person. Also, most living wills have a provision for acceptance of pain medication to maintain physical comfort. This statement directs that while the individual will accept sufficient pain medication and do not intend any direct taking of their life, they also do not want their life to be unreasonably prolonged.
    A living will may be revoked at any time and in any manner. Such a revocation will be made part of the individual’s medical records. C.G.S. § 19a-579a.

    iii. Appointment of Healthcare Representatives/Proxy

    Connecticut law further allows the appointment of a heath care representative. C.G.S. § 19a- 576. This person can be anyone who is at least 18 years of age and who will make health decisions for the incapacitated individual if they cannot communicate them on their own. C.G.S. § 19a-577. With married couples, this is often a spouse or child of the marriage. This individual should be a trustworthy person and someone who is willing to follow the incapacitated individual’s wishes.  
    A healthcare representative will look for instructions from a living will but they are not bound by law to follow them. The instructions are mere guidelines of wishes, and decisions are the responsibility of the representative. This is why it is essential to select a trustworthy representative. For insurance purposes, and as a failsafe in case the initial choice is unavailable or cannot make a healthcare decision, there also should be a back-up healthcare representative named.

    iv. Conservator of the Person

    A conservator is someone appointed by the court to make sure an incapacitated person is properly cared for if they cannot care for themselves. If a healthcare representative has already been named, they will usually continue to make healthcare related decisions for that individual. Unfortunately in Connecticut, one cannot choose their own conservator, but it is possible to state the desired conservator in the healthcare instructions. A judge will look to these instructions and take guidance when appointing an appropriate conservator. Unlike a healthcare representative, a conservator must comply with an individual’s validly executed healthcare instructions. C.G.S. § 19a- 580e. 

    v. HIPAA Release

    In order for the healthcare representative or conservator to gain access to medical records, the healthcare instructions need to contain a HIPAA release. HIPAA is the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996. This act was created to protect the privacy of healthcare information and prohibits healthcare providers from releasing personal medical information unless they are provided with a release form. Including this release in healthcare instructions allows a healthcare representative or conservator to access medical files and make an informed decision regarding treatment. 

    vi. Power of Attorney

    A power of attorney is a document that grants another person the power to perform specified acts on the principal’s behalf. In this document the principal grants certain powers to an attorney-infact/agent. Anyone 18 years of age or older and you may appoint one, or multiple individuals. As opposed to appointing just one individual, two individuals may be appointed thereby making the power of attorney authority joint and only exercisable by the unanimous action of both agents. (3 Am. Jur. 2d Agency, Section 172). 
    A power of attorney form usually has various powers listed that can be either checked off to grant that power or stricken to not grant a given power. The most typical powers on the form are to handle real estate transactions, chattel and goods transactions, bond, share and commodity transactions, banking transactions, business operating transactions, insurance transactions, estate transactions, claims and litigation, personal relationships and affairs, benefits from military service, records, reports and statements, and any other matters that may be relevant.
    Most individuals appoint one “durable” power of attorney, which is “durable” because the power remains in effect even if the individual becomes incapacitated. C.G.S. § 45a-562. With married couples, the durable power of attorney is often the spouse. This document is separate from the will and confers the power immediately upon valid execution of the document, i.e. it goes into effect before, and not after, death. The proper form of this document and the text that should be contained therein can be found in C.G.S. § 1-56b.
    Although the durable power of attorney goes into effect immediately upon execution, the power can only be used by the attorney-in-fact if they are given a copy of the executed document. Some clients choose to hold onto this document because the immediate nature of a power of attorney causes them unease. Depending upon the individual they appoint, clients are often nervous about turning over the document because the attorney-in-fact will have immediate access to their property, bank accounts, and other assets. It is important to note that this document does not take away the original owner’s rights over the property. The principal still retains the right to do whatever they would like with their property, however now an attorney-in-fact has coexisting powers over such property.
    As a way to counter some of these concerns, Connecticut has adopted what is called a “springing” power of attorney. C.G.S. § 1-56h. A “springing” power of attorney does not become effective until a specified triggering event takes place. C.G.S. § 1-56h(b). Thus, it springs into action upon a listed event and does not grant its powers until such event occurs. When the springing event does occur, the appointed attorney-in-fact will be vested with the power of attorney and must complete a written affidavit stating that the triggering event has taken place. The form of the affidavit to prove the springing event’s occurrence can be found in C.G.S. § 1-56i.
    A drawback of the newly adopted “springing” power of attorney is that many financial institutions (i.e. banks) simply will not recognize them. The issue most institutions have is of acquiring proof that the specified springing event actually took place. While the Connecticut statute grants banks immunity if they accept such powers of attorney accompanied by an affidavit, many institutions are still reluctant to accept them. C.G.S. § 1-56b(f).
    In addition, many clients are surprised to find out that there is no state oversight of persons granted a power of attorney. The Probate Court has limited jurisdiction over the actions of someone with a power of attorney and can demand that they produce an accounting of their actions upon the request of the person who granted the individual such power. If the grantor of the power is incapacitated, the court, sua sponte, or the grantor’s conservator can make such demand. Once this accounting is made, if the Probate Court finds a breach of trust or abuse of powers by the attorney-infact, it may subject the attorney-in-fact to criminal penalties. Improper use of a power of attorney can also constitute grounds for a civil action. Of course, individuals should appoint someone they know well and trust to avoid such impropriety from occurring.
    Finally, a power of attorney may be revoked at anytime. If a principal has even the slightest notion that their attorney-in-fact may be stealing, they should revoke the power and give notice to all institutions that hold their property. The power of attorney may be revoked by destroying it or executing a document that states a clear intention to revoke all previously granted powers of attorney. The power of attorney will be automatically revoked upon the principal’s death.  

6. Contesting a Will

    Should it become necessary to contest or defend a will for whatever reason, in Connecticut there are only limited grounds on which to bring such a challenge. 

    i. Undue Influence
    
    The first ground for challenging a will is undue influence. Undue influence occurs where the testator was improperly influenced by someone when executing or before executing the will and is the most common reason for contesting a will. For example, suppose your grandmother was ill and was being cared for by a visiting nurse named Ben. Your grandmother was 91 and executed a will just two months before her death. Now suppose that every day, unbeknownst to you, Ben bad mouthed you and your siblings until your grandmother executed a new will that disinherited all the grandchildren and gave the majority of her estate to him. That situation is ripe for a will contest based upon undue influence. 
    In order to succeed on a claim of undue influence, one must prove that the testator was susceptible to influence, there was a confidential relationship between the testator and the person accused of undue influence, there was an opportunity for such influence to be exerted, there is evidence that the accused had intent to exert such influence, and there was a suspicious transaction that resulted in a benefit to the accused.

    ii. Lack of Mental Capacity

    Another common basis for a will contest is to challenge the testator’s mental capacity. As previously mentioned, a valid will requires the testator to be of sound mind. If a testator executed a new will while going through a mental health problem, or if a prior will was executed by the testator during a period of mental anguish, the will may be susceptible to challenge.  
    A testator’s capacity involves the understanding of his or her property, the typical beneficiaries of such property, and the legal effect of signing his will. To prove the testator lacked such capacity, there must be evidence that the testator lacked one of these requirements. Capacity is often very subjective and needs to be proven by sufficient evidence. For example, imagine you got into a car accident and suffered some brain trauma. While at the hospital, you executed a new will giving all your property to the nurse who changed your sheets thinking she was your daughter. In that instance, someone would have valid grounds for contesting your will based upon a lack of testamentary capacity.

    iii. Failure to Meet Statutory Requirements

    Connecticut, like all states, has various statutory requirements for a will to be valid. As discussed above, to be found valid in Connecticut a will must be:
• In writing;
• Signed by a testator 18 years of age or older;
• When the testator is of sound mind; and
• Signed in the presence of two disinterested witnesses (excluding immediate family members).
Thus, if any of these requirements are not met, a will can be contested for failure to meet Connecticut’s statutory requirements. Typical challenges of this sort are often about the lack of a signature on the will.  

Conclusion of Wills

    The information above involving wills, traditional will provisions, and relevant doctrines is meant to be a starting point for understanding the complexity of estate planning. While we have discussed many of the most important aspects of wills and the laws that shape them in Connecticut, this is by no means an exhaustive guide. There are various complex techniques for tax, Medicare, special needs, and financial planning that are outside of the scope of this general publication. For more information, one of the experienced attorneys of Maya Murphy, P.C., can be reached at 203-221-3100 or by emailing ask@mayalaw.com.